Does anyone have a list of good right populations to use for north west Africans, also I need samples that can differentiate Arab and Levantine ancestry thanks

Can someone point me in the direction of datasets with more Berber samples so I can merge them with mine

I wanted to post some climate data for the area and time-frame highlighted in the Lazaridis paper, basically based on this map:

   

First up are some measurements taken from peat samples, near the southern extent of area 1. These charts show a very significant increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation between 5500-5000 ybp. The coldest months notably go above freezing, while the warmest months spike to 2x the long-term average, since then. Precipitation drops by 40-50%. Unfortunately, measurements only cover back to 5500 ybp, or 3550 BCE, while the Lazaridis paper indicates migration from this region ca. 4400-4000 BCE (6350-5950 ybp).

   

However, I also made some plots from climate models/simulations, which fortuitously focus on 6000 ybp, the period when migration from 1 is indicated. These show 100-year average temperatures for summer and winter months. These show winter temperatures in area 1 generally at or above freezing south, decreasing north. Summer temperatures are warm, in the 23-25 range. Combined with the peat samples above, this indicates that there was a sharp dip in temperatures between 6000 ybp and 5500 ybp, before temperatures spiked again.

   

Next up is a look at sediment samples from Lake Van, near area 4 from the study. These temperatures and precipitation plots are a little more stable. While there are oscillations, the magnitude is generally smaller. Potentially worth noting is that precipitation increased roughly 33% prior to indicated migration into the region, and while it oscillated from there, the long term average remained generally elevated for the next 1000 years, dropping again around the time of migration from area 3. 

   

Finally, I have included precipitation and temperature plots from peat samples near area 3. To me, the only really notable change is prior to migration from 1 to 3 (shown in black dotted line), specifically regarding coldest-month temperatures. The indicated date of migration immediately follows recovery from a cold period, during which winters dropped below freezing, returning to above-freezing temperatures year-round. There is a similar reduction and recovery in GDD5 (growing degree-days). I don't notice any massive changes on the later date (grey dotted line) which corresponds to migration from area 3 and expansion across the Steppe.

   

I'm still working on conclusions. It is hard to identify a climate-driven motivation for migrations from area 1, given discontinuity in data, aside from a hint of some temperature changes. However, one general pattern that emerges is expansion into areas recovering from changes. In other words, it doesn't seem to have been necessarily local climate changes driving people from an area. Rather, it may have been that nearby areas were put under stress and became relatively depopulated, opening up room for expansion and drawing people to new areas. I think particularly if these areas were inhabited by farmers, and precipitation or temperatures drastically changed, this would have put stress on that kind of economy. This would have been particularly true if plague also accompanied it. None of this is groundbreaking work, but I think that's what I'm seeing here, and seeing this made me think about it a little differently.

Edit: Adding sources...

Oghaito et al 2021 - https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1195/2021/ (ultimate source of the gridded model climate data I used)
https://esgf-node.ipsl.upmc.fr/search/cmip6-ipsl/ (where I accessed the gridded model climate data)
https://lipdverse.org/Temp12k/current_version/ (where I accessed peat and lake sediment samples)

There are many publications regarding Denisovan and Neanderthals.
We know lot about  Neanderthals and we still know very little about  Denisovans.

Now with the available genetic information we may do many additional tests and to check further what are the connections between current world populations and ancient  Neanderthals and  Denisova.

I created this thread to discuss Italian genetics and its history

Most of You have probably noticed that in Bronze Age northwestern Iran there is an increase of Zagros Neo ancestry.
After some research I came to the conclusion that it's related to the spread of Grey ware which was previously erroneously considered as an Iron Age pottery. 
This spread coincide with the first mention of Kassites and Aryan terms.

More details here.

https://aramepal.blogspot.com/2024/03/th...n.html?m=0

https://www.carolana.com/NC/Royal_Colony...ments.html

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Spoiler

Just noted differences between Yfull and FTDNA as it pertains to structure and ancient dna placement.

https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-Z142/
https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-d...ame=R-Z142

Since I've been following this branch in 2012, the structure has been Z142>Z150, Z12222.

Now Yfull has a branch between Z142 and Z150, Z12222 called  R-Y528080

https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-Y528080/

This shows the difference in structure using the FTDNA style



Also the placement of the Viking sample VK40, Sweden Skarra 106 is not the same.  

FTDNA places it under Z12222>FT38430, while Yfull has it on a different branch of Z12222; Z12222>Y3140, FGC12381

hi, if I could get some help with this error please it doesn't seem to be merging my file with the dataset

parameter file: merge_param.par
geno1: myson.geno
snp1: myson.snp
ind1: myson.ind
geno2: v54.1.p1_1240K_public.geno
snp2: v54.1.p1_1240K_public.snp
ind2: v54.1.p1_1240K_public.ind
outputformat: EIGENSTRAT
genotypeoutname: son_output.geno
snpoutname: son_output.snp
indivoutname: son_output.ind
allele funny: rs320061 T C A C
allele funny: rs4668878 C A A G
allele funny: rs7692855 C A C T
allele funny: rs10053269 G A G T
allele funny: rs10253843 T G C T
allele funny: rs10488002 T G G A
allele funny: rs4734497 T G T C
allele funny: rs1829605 T C G T
allele funny: rs1247096 G A G T
allele funny: rs2002129 T G G A
allele funny: rs2902299 T C C A
allele funny: rs2618512 C A A G
allele funny: rs2110167 C A A G
allele funny: rs969863 T C A C
allele funny: rs11065634 T G G A
allele funny: rs971394 T G A G
allele funny: rs2305307 T G T C
allele funny: rs2326253 C A C T
allele funny: rs10401155 G A G T
allele funny: rs6097797 T G T C
allele funny: rs6062840 G A G T
read 1073741824 bytes
read 2147483648 bytes
read 3221225472 bytes
read 4294967296 bytes
read 5052887274 bytes
packed geno read OK
end of inpack
numsnps input: 287522 1233013
*** warning output snpname NULL
snpname: (null) 287522
indname:  (null) 16390
gname: (null)
eigenstrat output
numsnps output: 0  numindivs: 16390


Histogram of checkmatch return codes
kode:   -2    223  A/T or C/G and strandcheck
kode:    0     21  Allele mismatch
kode:    1  97691  SNP OK (no flip)
kode:    2  97198  SNP OK (flip)
total:         195133

Here  are all I2 men from the steppe, 31 altogether. The oldest one is from  Yabalkovo, Bulgaria (5650 BCE). The oldest Kurgan burial is Berezhnovka 2 from the area of Wolgograd (4830 BCE).
152  samples carry R1b, if I counted correct. The oldest is MOS304 from  Golubaya-Krinitsa, south of Woronesh in Russia (5500 BCE). The oldest elite burial is the same Kurgan as the oldest for I2: Berezhnovka 2.  But it is 54 years younger (4776 BCE). So in this short review the I2 burials appear a bit older.

Another  short calculation: There are 428 steppe samples altogether, 111 of them  are female: So we have 317 male samples. 31 out of 317 samples is 9,8%  I2. 152 out of 317 is 47,9% R1b. I am not that familiar with those subclades and the general find situation, for the focus in forum discussions ist not on I2 lines. But in my opinion the constellation asks for considerations on their role as a potential elite in the genesis of Yamnaya and the spread/origin of Indoeuropeans. If it is confirmed that not a single R1b sample from the Steppe carries the mutation L151 that is so widespread in western Europe today, their assumed important role in the spread of the Indoeuropeans is rather questionable.