Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages

[MrI1]

When looking at the supplemetary information from the preprint I see some ancient samples being clustered as “NorthScan” but in the study itself in the charts I don’t see a “NorthScan” cluster category. I do see WestScandinavian though. My question is are these the same clusters with just different labels and if so why the name change from the preprint to the supplementary information?

[Rodoorn]

To make the picture complete:

"The Danish Isles ancestry that was widespread on Zealand from 2200 BP disappears from ~1600 BP."

=

imo the Danish Isles IA ancestry appears from ~1600 BP around the North Sea. In the form of: the Saxons.


Google translate, Ludowici, Babette. The Saxons (Beck'sche series 2941) (German Edition) (p. 14, 15). C.H.Beck. Kindle edition.

"Those named Saxones in texts from this time are almost exclusively mobile groups of unscrupulous, murderous men who sail ships across the North Sea and the English Channel and terrorize and plunder nearby areas. They are always characterized as extremely dangerous and unpredictable. These are the ones whose attacks from the sea can be expected at all times, “no matter what wind may blow,” as the Roman poet Claudius Claudianus wrote at the turn of the 5th century. And a little later, at the beginning of the 5th century, the Roman historian Orosius writes that Saxones were "a people native to the coasts and in the inaccessible swamps of the ocean, and feared for their courage and agility." And something else stands out: the authors' focus is always on the place that these pirates attack, not the place from which they come. The latter seems to have been unknown to the authors of the tradition from the Roman Empire or was for treated, the historian does not refer to Saxones as a tribe or people (gens)."
P.64:
"A much older text suggests a different derivation of the Saxon name: In the writings of Isidore of Seville (†636) there is the statement that Saxons were called that because “they were a hard and strong breed of people” that everyone else “Pirates” surpassed. This author apparently saw an etymological connection between Saxones/Saxo and saxum, the Latin word for “rock.” "
P.72:
"By the end of the 4th century, Saxons had established themselves in the sources as the barbarian threat par excellence. The texts make it clear that having defeated Saxones considerably increases the prestige of Roman military men and rulers. However, no information is provided about the residences of the pirates, who are described as extremely dangerous. They were arguably superfluous and are missing even where Saxones, like other barbarian groups from beyond the borders of the Empire, are referred to as gens (tribe or people). Saxons are never described in more detail: apparently there was no need to explain what these people were all about. The spectrum of perception and representation of Saxones is very narrow: their name seems like a synonym for feared seafaring barbarians. There is much to suggest that the Saxones were the “Vikings” of late antiquity."


Annet Nieuwhof (archeologist):


with red * Haduloha ("battled woods") nowadays Hadeln in the Weser- Elbe triangle the first Saxon pirate stronghold along the southern North Sea coast.

In genetic sense resulting in, yellow component is imo Saxon (Lao 2013):


In language sense resulting in old English, old Saxon, old Frisian after Seebold/ Hines (2013):


Nowadays spread:

[Rodoorn]

Some time ago I counted the number of newly born subclades of P312 lineages in the FTDNA time tree,
for DF19 there seem to be several growth bursts:
1. Initial Bell Beaker peak (ca. 2100-2000 BC), mostly Z302, followed by lower growth ca. 2000-1600 BC (BB)
2. Bronze Age peak (ca. 1600-1200 BC), mostly DF88 and its subclade Z17122, followed by moderately lower growth. (Elp?)
3. Iron Age peak (ca. 900-100BC), all lineages but mostly Z17122, followed by lower growth during the 1st century BC. (Harpstedt? La Tene?)
4. renewed growth during the first millennium AD, also especially Z17122 (in Germanic context)

I guess that this is some kind of BB derived Y-DNA, not so much connected with a kind of Germanic spread.

At least not with the Danish IA ancestry spread, may be with the Frankish spread?

And may be partial Norwegian because of earlier BB introjection?

From the paper:
A comparable model sees the appearance of the Bell Beaker culture to Jutland and Norway around 4400 BP as the moment when this language group was introduced.

[Orentil]

In the context of the question of the intrusions into Sweden from the east (potentially the carriers of the I1 haplogroup) I can recommend the presentation of Kerkko Nordqvist during the "The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC" - Day 3 from yesterday. Even the preservation conditions in Finland are very challenging, his views on the interactions of hunter gatherers and corded ware in Finland are very interesting. In the question session the McColl paper is shortly touched.

Starting at 2:49

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0CV0sh7wGQ&t=8531s

[Rodoorn]

Mc Coll:

"Further east, individuals fall within the Eastern Scandinavian cluster; on the Danish Isles individuals are modelled as ~20% Southern and ~80% Eastern 579 Scandinavian BA and in Sweden most individuals are modelled as ~100% Eastern Scandinavian BA (Figure 5). "

"On the Danish Isles we see discontinuity from around 1600 BP (Extended Data Figure 6)."

"The  Danish Isles ancestry that was widespread on Zealand from 2200 BP disappears from ~1600 BP."

"Dutch coastal areas see a habitation hiatus around 1600 BP and subsequent appearance of a new material culture that is often referred to as Anglo-Saxon in nature , mirroring the genetics and timing of the Late Iron Age, linguistically West-Germanic Frisians in this dataset. In addition, we find that the Southern Scandinavian 824 ancestry of these migrating populations is better modelled by individuals near Southern rather than the Northern Jutland, and that the migrating populations often carry varying but minor  proportions of ENS ancestry, inherited from the earlier people who previously lived in the  region. In contrast to previous studies, which relied on Scandinavian samples postdating the Migration Period, we can now reject the Danish Isles and Sweden as a source area for the Anglo-Saxons in Britain, as these were dominated by Eastern Scandinavian ancestry prior to the Viking Age (Figure 6). 

Is nonsense!

Danish Isles ancestry disappeared in Zealand and adjacent areas (for example nowadays Schleswig Holstein which belonged to the realm of Gudme at that time). These people showed up for 100% sure in the Southern North Sea area's (Weser-Elbe triangle, Northern Netherlands/Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe) and belonged to the same folk as the Anglo-Saxons in Britain. They have to revise that imo.

In yellow the Danish IA ancestry aka Saxon component. That had-based on archaeological findings- an absolute relationship with source area's on which before 400 AD there was Danish IA ancestry. The timing is perfect disappeared 400 AD > on the Danish Isles and surrounding areas and appeared 400 AD> along the North Sea Coast (/Channel).

[Kale]

I came back to the good old qpAdm, and looked if a group of HGs in addition to the left list including Latvian_LN and Poland_GAC would allow me to:
1) obtain reasonable adjustments
2) clearly separate the Mc Coll clusters.

right = c('Congo_Mbuti.DG', 'Anatolia_Barcin_N.SG', 'Anatolia_Boncuklu_N.SG', 'Iran_TepeAbdulHosein_N.SG', 'Iran_Wezmeh_N.SG', 'CHG.SG', 'Morocco_OUB002_Epipaleolithic.SG', 'Morocco_SKH001_MN.SG', 'Italy_GrottaContinenza_HG.SG', 'Ireland_Sramore_HG.SG', 'Sweden_StoraForvar_HG.SG', 'RUS_Arkhangelsk_HG.SG', 'Botai.SG', 'Afanasievo_KarasukIII.SG', 'Yamnaya_Kazakhstan_Karagash.SG', 'Andaman_100BP.SG', 'RUS_Primorsky_DevilsCave_N.SG', 'Peru_RioUncallane_1800BP.SG')
allsnps=TRUE

oll009 = NEO51
Tail: 0.48

NEO220
Sweden_Bergsgraven_BAC.SG 0.804654 0.0609369 13.2047
Sweden_Gokhem_TRB.SG 0.195346 0.0609369 3.20571
Tail: 0.43

NEO227
Sweden_Bergsgraven_BAC.SG 0.713496 0.0651765 10.9471
Sweden_Gokhem_TRB.SG 0.286504 0.0651765 4.39582
Tail: 0.23

NEO224
Sweden_Bergsgraven_BAC.SG 0.766156 0.0781152 9.80804
Sweden_Gokhem_TRB.SG 0.233844 0.0781152 2.99357
Tail: 0.24

NEO220,224,227 grouped
Sweden_Bergsgraven_BAC.SG 0.776455 0.0480048 16.1745
Sweden_Gokhem_TRB.SG 0.223545 0.0480048 4.65672
Tail: 0.40

[Kale]

Maybe the connection is the other way around? Same setup, with the addition to right of...
'Ukraine_Vovnigi_NHG.SG', 'Poland_Koszyce_GAC.SG', 'Sweden_Ansarve_Megalithic.SG'

Estonia_Sope_CWC.SG
Lithuania_Plinkaigalis242_LN 0.304432 0.0629756 4.83413 (the early very high-steppe lass)
Sweden_Falkoping_BA 0.695568 0.0629756 11.0450 (Neo220,224,227 merged)
Tail: 0.55

Estonia_Ardu_CWC.SG
Lithuania_Plinkaigalis242_LN 0.640562 0.0524456 12.2138
Sweden_Falkoping_BA 0.359438 0.0524456 6.85354
Tail: 0.22

Lithuania_Plinkaigalis241_LN
Lithuania_Plinkaigalis242_LN 0.294426 0.0840200 3.50423
Sweden_Falkoping_BA 0.705574 0.0840200 8.39770
Tail: 0.16

[Kale]

Or another statistically acceptable option. Same setup as above.
Estonia_Ardu_CWC.SG
Lithuania_Plinkaigalis242_LN 0.365379 0.0711738 5.13361
Fatyanovo_Yaroslavl.SG 0.634621 0.0711738 8.91650
Tail: 0.87

Estonia_Sope_CWC.SG = Fatyanovo_Yaroslavl.SG
Tail: 0.14

Lithuania_Plinkaigalis241_LN = Fatyanovo_Yaroslavl.SG
Tail: 0.28

[Strider99]

In the context of the question of the intrusions into Sweden from the east (potentially the carriers of the I1 haplogroup) I can recommend the presentation of Kerkko Nordqvist during the "The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC" - Day 3 from yesterday. Even the preservation conditions in Finland are very challenging, his views on the interactions of hunter gatherers and corded ware in Finland are very interesting. In the question session the McColl paper is shortly touched.

Starting at 2:49

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0CV0sh7wGQ&t=8531s

Very interesting video, all throughout.

During the Q & A session after Nordqvist's presentation, one of the co-authors on McColl et al. seems to imply that the influx of Eastern ancestry in Scandinavia during the LN could be connected to the Kiukainen culture. He mentions pottery connected to that culture in adjunction to the individuals with "eastern" strontium isotope ratios found in the passage graves (associated with the East Scandinavian cluster). It's intriguing that artefacts associated with that culture have been found as far as Hälsingland and Gotland in Sweden in addition to the core areas of mainland Finland and Åland.

As mentioned, the soil conditions in regions relevant to the Kiukainen culture do not exactly encourage optimism when it comes to future samples, but we'll see. There is a Battle Axe culture sample from the Hälsingland region where the soil is very unfavourable for aDNA, after all.