03-14-2024, 07:02 PM (This post was last modified: 03-14-2024, 07:03 PM by Riverman.)
(03-14-2024, 05:22 PM)J1_DYS388=13 Wrote: New Results
Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages
Hugh McColl et al.
Abstract
Germanic-speaking populations historically form an integral component of the North and Northwest European cultural configuration. According to linguistic consensus, the common ancestor of the Germanic languages, which include German, English, Frisian, Dutch as well as the Nordic languages, was spoken in Northern Europe during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. However, important questions remain concerning the earlier Bronze Age distribution of this Indo-European language branch in Scandinavia as well as the driving factors behind its Late Iron Age diversification and expansion across the European continent. A key difficulty in addressing these questions are the existence of striking differences in the interpretation of the archaeological record, leading to various hypotheses of correlations with linguistic dispersals and changes in material culture. Moreover, these interpretations have been difficult to assess using genomics due to limited ancient genomes and the difficulty in differentiating closely related populations. Here we integrate multidisciplinary evidence from population genomics, historical sources, archaeology and linguistics to offer a fully revised model for the origins and spread of Germanic languages and for the formation of the genomic ancestry of Germanic-speaking northern European populations, while acknowledging that coordinating archaeology, linguistics and genetics is complex and potentially controversial. We sequenced 710 ancient human genomes from western Eurasia and analysed them together with 3,940 published genomes suitable for imputing diploid genotypes. We find evidence of a previously unknown, large-scale Bronze Age migration within Scandinavia, originating in the east and becoming widespread to the west and south, thus providing a new potential driving factor for the expansion of the Germanic speech community. This East Scandinavian genetic cluster is first seen 800 years after the arrival of the Corded Ware Culture, the first Steppe-related population to emerge in Northern Europe, opening a new scenario implying a Late rather than an Middle Neolithic arrival of the Germanic language group in Scandinavia. Moreover, the non-local Hunter-Gatherer ancestry of this East Scandinavian cluster is indicative of a cross-Baltic maritime rather than a southern Scandinavian land-based entry. Later in the Iron Age around 1700 BP, we find a southward push of admixed Eastern and Southern Scandinavians into areas including Germany and the Netherlands, previously associated with Celtic speakers, mixing with local populations from the Eastern North Sea coast. During the Migration Period (1575-1200 BP), we find evidence of this structured, admixed Southern Scandinavian population representing the Western Germanic Anglo-Saxon migrations into Britain and Langobards into southern Europe. During the Migration Period, we detect a previously unknown northward migration back into Southern Scandinavia, partly replacing earlier inhabitants and forming the North Germanic-speaking Viking-Age populations of Denmark and southern Sweden, corresponding with historically attested Danes. However, the origin and character of these major changes in Scandinavia before the Viking Age remain contested. In contrast to these Western and Northern Germanic-speaking populations, we find the Wielbark population from Poland to be primarily of Eastern Scandinavian ancestry, supporting a Swedish origin for East Germanic groups. In contrast, the later cultural descendants, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths are predominantly of Southern European ancestry implying the adoption of Gothic culture. Together, these results highlight the use of archaeology, linguistics and genetics as distinct but complementary lines of evidence.
The paper has a couple of new samples, including a good number of E-V13 carriers from Northern and Central Europe. The resolution of the samples is not the best looking at the assignments, probably some of our resident experts can determine some subclades and/or contact FTDNA/YFull for using the sample set?
Amazing number of sample from France during IA.
Few samples from Austrian-IA too ... those data are great, they fill many hole in ancient DNA coverage !
Right after the new samples from South-Western Germany IA, its a lucky week !
CGG107761 CL013 (I037) WesternEurope Netherlands Province South-Holland Valkenburg Marktveld Roman Cemetery 52.174446 4.436957 Bone Petrous NA NA NA NA context 2000 1700 1850 -50 250 100 IronAge Roman CGG107761 1.70073 XY K1a3a1 1 0.941 0.9998451 0.9971418 0.9999755 R1b1a1b1a1a2e1 [This is DF19>DF88]
CGG107763 CL006 (I079) WesternEurope Netherlands Province South-Holland Valkenburg Marktveld Roman Cemetery 52.174446 4.436957 Bone Petrous 1852 19 NA NA DeA-36912 1825 1717 1771 125 233 179 IronAge EarlyRoman CGG107763 3.70205 XY U5a2c1 1 0.9743 0.9940495 0.9996312 R1b1a1b1a1a2e1
Below is the Y-DNA of 14 warriors of the Alken Enge mass warrior grave. Probably hundreds died during the battle that took place some 2000 years ago on the east coast of Jutland (Denmark).
Also one female:
CGG019213 FHM_1880_Illerup_OOA NorthernEurope Denmark Jutland Illerup_weapon_sacrifice_site bog_skeleton 56.0532 9.93298 Tooth mass_warrior_grave 2477 2547 IronAge EarlyRomanBogWar CGG019213 1.40459 XX U2e1a1
Quote:Alken Enge is situated in the Illerup Ådal river valley, an archaeologically rich area that provides much evidence for such battles. Moreover, excavations from the 1950s onwards have uncovered deposits of weapons, pottery, and wooden objects dating to both the pre-Roman period and the Roman Iron Age – giving the area its nickname ‘Holy Valley’. Many of these weapon deposits were found in wetland areas, suggesting they were part of post-conflict rituals, possibly offerings to a pagan deity after battle. While the finds at Alken Enge this year reinforce such associations, the site itself is unique, as Holst explains: ‘What makes Alken special is the fact that it is the only site where we actually have the remains of the warriors themselves. On a wider European scale, it is quite extraordinary in its scale and character.’
Quote:Denmark, Jutland, Illerup, Skanderup, 16.02.08-53
626 Coordinates: 56.05 9.93
627 Roman Iron Age (AD 64-253)
628 Weapon sacrifice sites
629
630 Skeletal remains from humans were found near the Roman Iron Age weapon deposited in
631 Illerup Ådal (Løvschal et al. 2019; Kanstrup et al. 2019). Two almost complete human remains
632 were found as well as remains from more individuals (Møllerup 2019). The place is best known
633 for its large weapon deposits of equipment from vanquished armies originally deposited in an
634 Iron Age small lake between 200 to 500 CE (Ilkjær 2002). The human remains are found up
635 stream to Alken Enge (Løvschal et al. 2019). Three individuals were sampled for this study
636 for details see below.
637
638 Sample
639 CGG No Sample Lab nr BP ± date Collagen yield(%) C:N
640 CGG_2_019200 FHM 1880 QEV AAR-24500 1892 35 64-235 CE 7.9
641 3.2
642 CGG_2_019207 FHM 1880 QKM AAR-24496 1926 25 CE 29-205 7.8
643 3.2
644 CGG_2_019213 FHM 1880 OOA AAR-10.5 2477 30 770 -425 BCE 10.5
645 3.2
646
AAR-24500, 1892±35BP, Collagen yield % 7.9, C% 42.8, N% 15.7, C:N 3.2, δ13C -19.0, δ 647 15N
648 17.31, FHM 1880 QEV (Kanstrup et al. 2019:203)
Very exciting to see this preprint pop up! I took note of this blurb from Supplementary Note 1B (pp. 82-83) - not all that surprising to me, but still notable that they identify a genetic cluster in the Netherlands (ENS) distinct from the signature of southern Scandinavian migrants:
Quote:S6.7.2 The Netherlands
The Bell Beaker sub-cluster 0_2_1_2 WEuIsMl located primarily from the Eastern North Sea (ENS) region (present day the Netherlands) is unique in its high NWHG ancestry, low European Farmer, and inability to be modelled primarily as Bell Beaker ancestry, like most others from Bell Beaker sub-clusters (Figure S6.3.6).
When using early representatives of this cluster as a source, we see a large degree of genetic continuity from 3700 - 1700 BP. From Valkenburg (ZH) however, there are a number of individuals that do not fit the profile. The Roman cemetery Valkenburg Marktveld, located south of the auxiliary fort, was used between 50 – 300 CE for the entire military community that consisted of men, women and children, who lived in the vicinity of the auxiliary fort. Over 650 individuals were recovered, 145 of which are inhumations (41 adults, 104 children and 1529 infants); an extraordinary number as cremation dominates the Roman burial record in the Netherlands. The individuals included in this study are possibly associated with different departments of the Roman army, so the presence of non-local individuals is not unexpected (DeCoster et al., in prep.). For the individuals that do not fit the local profile, most are Celtic (similar to contemporaneous people from British Isles or France and one is similar to people deriving their ancestry from the Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean. A single individual is modelled with North East European ancestry.
A transition by at least 1612 BP is apparent, Frisian individuals are modelled primarily as Southern Scandinavian ancestries, but possessing small amounts of the local ENS ancestry.
I disagree with the idea that the Frisii were Celtic-speaking (as was suggested by the authors) or otherwise not Germanic-speaking by the Iron Age, but this is otherwise a minor grievance on my part!
"668 "In contrast, we find the (supposed East Germanic-speaking) Polish Wielbark
669 individuals, to be modelled primarily as Eastern Scandinavian. However, most later
670 individuals associated with the originally East Germanic-speaking groups, the Ukrainian
671 Ostrogoths and the Visigoths of Iberia, appear to be locals (Supplementary Note 6.9.6)."
