Stolarek et al: Genetic history of East-Central Europe...

[Orentil]

Suddenly a local boy? I would be surprised if he would plot together with the Przeworsk samples of the Warsaw team, but let's see.

Compare the scientific publication:

"Therefore, it can be concluded that the individual with the deformed skull could be local, while Individual I, with the isotopic signature 0.7114, is of foreign origin. The isotopic signature of this individual indicates areas with a more radiogenic substrate (Belka et al., 2018). The closest regions meeting this condition include northern and central Poland (Zielinski ´ et al., 2021), northeastern Germany, southwestern Sweden, northern Ukraine (west of Kiev), and several smaller areas such as the Holy Cross Mountains, the Sudetes, and the Harz Mountains (Belka et al., 2018; Błaszczyk et al., 2018). However, it should be noted that the presented interpretation, taking into account local environmental parameters, may not be correct.
The measurements obtained for Individual II with the deformed skull also fall within the typical range for the Pannonian Plain (Giblin et al.,
2013; Knipper et al., 2020).

PS: the description "extremely poor grave goods" might be misleading. I would describe it rather with "no grave goods besides a pebble stone"

[leonardo]

@Radko, maybe a member of the Chernyakhov culture back migrated along with the Huns?

[ambron]

We have one individual from the Chernyakhov culture, who looks like a Slavic-Scandinavian hybrid with a Hun admixture:

Target: UKR_Chernyakhiv_Legedzine:MJ19
Distance: 2.3159% / 0.02315851 | R3P
69.0 Polish
21.8 Swedish
9.2 Tajik_Shugnan

[ph2ter]

Suddenly a local boy? I would be surprised if he would plot together with the Przeworsk samples of the Warsaw team, but let's see.

Compare the scientific publication:

"Therefore, it can be concluded that the individual with the deformed skull could be local, while Individual I, with the isotopic signature 0.7114, is of foreign origin. The isotopic signature of this individual indicates areas with a more radiogenic substrate (Belka et al., 2018). The closest regions meeting this condition include northern and central Poland (Zielinski ´ et al., 2021), northeastern Germany, southwestern Sweden, northern Ukraine (west of Kiev), and several smaller areas such as the Holy Cross Mountains, the Sudetes, and the Harz Mountains (Belka et al., 2018; Błaszczyk et al., 2018). However, it should be noted that the presented interpretation, taking into account local environmental parameters, may not be correct.
The measurements obtained for Individual II with the deformed skull also fall within the typical range for the Pannonian Plain (Giblin et al.,
2013; Knipper et al., 2020).

PS: the description "extremely poor grave goods" might be misleading. I would describe it rather with "no grave goods besides a pebble stone"

The probable Przeworsk samples PCA0011 and PCA0012 are not very far on the PCA. But I think that PCA0012, which is more Celtic is the original Przeworsk. The Czulice boy CZU001 is actually of the pure Germanic blood.

[Orentil]

Suddenly a local boy? I would be surprised if he would plot together with the Przeworsk samples of the Warsaw team, but let's see.

Compare the scientific publication:

"Therefore, it can be concluded that the individual with the deformed skull could be local, while Individual I, with the isotopic signature 0.7114, is of foreign origin. The isotopic signature of this individual indicates areas with a more radiogenic substrate (Belka et al., 2018). The closest regions meeting this condition include northern and central Poland (Zielinski ´ et al., 2021), northeastern Germany, southwestern Sweden, northern Ukraine (west of Kiev), and several smaller areas such as the Holy Cross Mountains, the Sudetes, and the Harz Mountains (Belka et al., 2018; Błaszczyk et al., 2018). However, it should be noted that the presented interpretation, taking into account local environmental parameters, may not be correct.
The measurements obtained for Individual II with the deformed skull also fall within the typical range for the Pannonian Plain (Giblin et al.,
2013; Knipper et al., 2020).

PS: the description "extremely poor grave goods" might be misleading. I would describe it rather with "no grave goods besides a pebble stone"

The probable Przeworsk samples PCA0011 and PCA0012 are not very far on the PCA. But I think that PCA0012, which is more Celtic is the original Przeworsk. The Czulice boy CZU001 is actually of the pure Germanic blood.

Great, thanks for adding these two samples even we know they are of low coverage. This is the cline I expect also for new Przeworsk samples, somewhere between "Celtic" and "Elbe Germanic". To make it complicated, that a part of the Wielbark samples fall into the "west germanic" circle of your map might be the result of mixing with Przeworsk and Oksywie (some say this is just a sub-group of Przeworsk).

[Bukva_]

Distance to: 50%_MGS370+25%_PCA0011+25%_PCA0012
0.01793579 Kashubian
0.02009750 Slovincian
0.02151472 Polish
0.02500676 Czech
0.02508393 German_East

Distance to: 50%_RKF106(R-PF6155)+25%_PCA0011+25%_PCA0012
0.02106834 Slovakian
0.02174431 German_Lower_Silesia
0.02295511 Polish_South
0.02663927 Czech
0.02669842 Polish

[alexfritz]

An extraordinary archaeological discovery in Lesser Poland. Two boys were found in the grave: a Hun and a European

Two boys were buried in the early 5th century AD in what is now Lesser Poland. One of them was a Hun with a deformed skull, the other - a European. On their last journey, they were accompanied by a dog, a cat and a crow.

An unusual grave in Czulice was discovered in 2018, during archaeological supervision before the construction of a single-family house. Archaeologists saw two small human skeletons and animal remains in the burial chamber. To find out who the dead were, experts performed a number of expert opinions, including genetic and isotope tests.

A total of a dozen scientists were involved in the analyses, mainly from Poland, but also from Sweden. The results have just been published in the prestigious scientific journal "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports".

The arrangements are truly spectacular. It turned out that the grave in Czulice is one of the earliest dated burials related to the Huns in Europe.

– This is a very important discovery because it is the first confirmation of the discussed presence of Huns north of the Carpathians. It confirms that the migration of this people also covered Polish territories very early - the discoverer and researcher of the unusual grave, Jakub M. Niebylski from the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, told National Geographic Polska.

The Huns were a nomadic people who came from northern China and Mongolia. Rich catacomb graves from the first centuries AD are known from these regions. The Huns were feared by both Germans and Romans due to their ability to fight extremely efficiently with the help of horses and recurve bows.

They most likely entered Europe via the route south of the Urals. The climate is believed to be the cause of migration: increasingly frequent droughts and harsher winters. In 375, this people was already on the lower Don, where they conquered local communities.

Expert tests showed that the boys came from different places. The older one, aged 8-9, was of Asian origin (he was a Hun), and the younger one, aged 7-9, was of local origin. Radiocarbon dating indicates that they were buried between 395 and 418 CE.

It was a time of great population movements in Europe. Germanic tribes were pushed west and south by Asian peoples, including the Huns. As a consequence, the Roman Empire fell.

What does this find mean for researchers of the period of Roman influence in Poland? – This is the first interdisciplinary examination of a Hun burial in Poland, the grave of two children of different origins – says the first author of the article. It is also worth emphasizing its early dating. Interestingly, the grave was located near the settlement, but it was not a cemetery, which is quite unique in itself.

The remains of a Hun boy caught the attention of scientists. Well, his skull was unnaturally short. This practice was known among the Huns. To achieve the deformation, the children's heads were bandaged very tightly.

Based on the traces left on the bones, experts concluded that two types of bandages were used for the deformation. One, wider, running between the forehead and the nape of the neck, and the other thin one - from the top of the head to the chin. They were put on the child during infancy and had to be worn until the child was 3-4 years old. age. Similar practices are known from discoveries associated with the Huns in the north-eastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain in the 5th century AD.

The deceased also had rich equipment. A gold earring, silver buckles and an iron knife were found. A ceramic vessel was placed between his femurs, near his knees.

The second burial was completely different. The local boy had extremely poor grave goods, only in the form of dressed stone. But surprisingly enough, its bones show traces of... cooking! Perhaps this was their way of slowing down the decomposition of the body.

What was the relationship of the deceased? – Perhaps these were bonds of submission. Unlike the Hun burial, the person from Europe was laid on his stomach, and the skull was displaced and placed between the bones of the lower leg. This may mean that the boy was buried in a bag or other container, says Niebylski. According to scientists, it may have been an Asian servant.

The interpretations presented in the article were made possible thanks to DNA, isotope and anthropological analyses. A computer reconstruction of the boys' faces was also performed. Its author is Marta Barszcz from the Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.

https://www.national-geographic.pl/artyk...0513115725

have the authors confused the skeletons ?
on post #834 it is pretty plain to see that the rich grave goods of a 'gold earring, silver buckles and an iron knife' are next to the kid with ACD, aka the local aka the Hun - so that he was an 'Asian servant' is highly doubtful

the fact that Ind I (aka the European) was beheaded before he was buried in conjunction with the skull placement could indicate that he was prob a companion aswell similar to the 'dog, cat, and crow serving as their companion animals' i guess that smwhat solves the mystery as to why both were dead and buried at the same age and a smwhat graphic testimony of the Hun reputation and what kickstarted the Migration-period

in regards to Celtic - Germanic contacts in the area, though prob not connected to Przeworsk, but one of the later Gep_p Gepids in the Transtisza region RKO001 checked out as R-P312 (R1b1a1b1a1a2 ISOGG 2019)

[ph2ter]

An extraordinary archaeological discovery in Lesser Poland. Two boys were found in the grave: a Hun and a European

Two boys were buried in the early 5th century AD in what is now Lesser Poland. One of them was a Hun with a deformed skull, the other - a European. On their last journey, they were accompanied by a dog, a cat and a crow.

An unusual grave in Czulice was discovered in 2018, during archaeological supervision before the construction of a single-family house. Archaeologists saw two small human skeletons and animal remains in the burial chamber. To find out who the dead were, experts performed a number of expert opinions, including genetic and isotope tests.

A total of a dozen scientists were involved in the analyses, mainly from Poland, but also from Sweden. The results have just been published in the prestigious scientific journal "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports".

The arrangements are truly spectacular. It turned out that the grave in Czulice is one of the earliest dated burials related to the Huns in Europe.

– This is a very important discovery because it is the first confirmation of the discussed presence of Huns north of the Carpathians. It confirms that the migration of this people also covered Polish territories very early - the discoverer and researcher of the unusual grave, Jakub M. Niebylski from the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, told National Geographic Polska.

The Huns were a nomadic people who came from northern China and Mongolia. Rich catacomb graves from the first centuries AD are known from these regions. The Huns were feared by both Germans and Romans due to their ability to fight extremely efficiently with the help of horses and recurve bows.

They most likely entered Europe via the route south of the Urals. The climate is believed to be the cause of migration: increasingly frequent droughts and harsher winters. In 375, this people was already on the lower Don, where they conquered local communities.

Expert tests showed that the boys came from different places. The older one, aged 8-9, was of Asian origin (he was a Hun), and the younger one, aged 7-9, was of local origin. Radiocarbon dating indicates that they were buried between 395 and 418 CE.

It was a time of great population movements in Europe. Germanic tribes were pushed west and south by Asian peoples, including the Huns. As a consequence, the Roman Empire fell.

What does this find mean for researchers of the period of Roman influence in Poland? – This is the first interdisciplinary examination of a Hun burial in Poland, the grave of two children of different origins – says the first author of the article. It is also worth emphasizing its early dating. Interestingly, the grave was located near the settlement, but it was not a cemetery, which is quite unique in itself.

The remains of a Hun boy caught the attention of scientists. Well, his skull was unnaturally short. This practice was known among the Huns. To achieve the deformation, the children's heads were bandaged very tightly.

Based on the traces left on the bones, experts concluded that two types of bandages were used for the deformation. One, wider, running between the forehead and the nape of the neck, and the other thin one - from the top of the head to the chin. They were put on the child during infancy and had to be worn until the child was 3-4 years old. age. Similar practices are known from discoveries associated with the Huns in the north-eastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain in the 5th century AD.

The deceased also had rich equipment. A gold earring, silver buckles and an iron knife were found. A ceramic vessel was placed between his femurs, near his knees.

The second burial was completely different. The local boy had extremely poor grave goods, only in the form of dressed stone. But surprisingly enough, its bones show traces of... cooking! Perhaps this was their way of slowing down the decomposition of the body.

What was the relationship of the deceased? – Perhaps these were bonds of submission. Unlike the Hun burial, the person from Europe was laid on his stomach, and the skull was displaced and placed between the bones of the lower leg. This may mean that the boy was buried in a bag or other container, says Niebylski. According to scientists, it may have been an Asian servant.

The interpretations presented in the article were made possible thanks to DNA, isotope and anthropological analyses. A computer reconstruction of the boys' faces was also performed. Its author is Marta Barszcz from the Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.

https://www.national-geographic.pl/artyk...0513115725

have the authors confused the skeletons ?
on post #834 it is pretty plain to see that the rich grave goods of a 'gold earring, silver buckles and an iron knife' are next to the kid with ACD, aka the local aka the Hun - so that he was an 'Asian servant' is highly doubtful

the fact that Ind I (aka the European) was beheaded before he was buried in conjunction with the skull placement could indicate that he was prob a companion aswell similar to the 'dog, cat, and crow serving as their companion animals' i guess that smwhat solves the mystery as to why both were dead and buried at the same age and a smwhat graphic testimony of the Hun reputation and what kickstarted the Migration-period

in regards to Celtic - Germanic contacts in the area, though prob not connected to Przeworsk, but one of the later Gep_p Gepids in the Transtisza region RKO001 checked out as R-P312 (R1b1a1b1a1a2 ISOGG 2019)

an Asian's servant

[Radko]

Hopefully, more samples will be released soon.

For example these 9-11th c. AD samples associated with Slavic material culture from Kozarovychi, Zelenyi Gai and Kamiane...



Pre-Medieval Imen'kovo culture samples from Russia are most likely also "Early Slavic"-like.

Or Iron Age and Medieval samples from Ukraine analysed by Estonian team.



"This project has revealed a level of genetic heterogeneity within several archaeological groups and through a long period of time (Iron Age and the Middle Ages) which has not been shown in Europe before.

The results show that the territory of Ukraine has been home not only to people from many different cultures (which was already known before), but with extremely variable genetic backgrounds, with ancestry from different areas in Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and East Asia.

The data generated as part of the project will be made publicly available under European Nucleotide Archive accession number PRJEB64640 as soon as the results on the demographic history of Ukraine are published in a journal."

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101029303/reporting

[Radko]

an Asian's servant

Sorry about the translation, it was copied from Google translate. ph2ter is correct, Germanic boy who was buried with no grave goods was probably a Hun's servant.

[Orentil]

Suddenly a local boy? I would be surprised if he would plot together with the Przeworsk samples of the Warsaw team, but let's see.

Compare the scientific publication:

"Therefore, it can be concluded that the individual with the deformed skull could be local, while Individual I, with the isotopic signature 0.7114, is of foreign origin. The isotopic signature of this individual indicates areas with a more radiogenic substrate (Belka et al., 2018). The closest regions meeting this condition include northern and central Poland (Zielinski ´ et al., 2021), northeastern Germany, southwestern Sweden, northern Ukraine (west of Kiev), and several smaller areas such as the Holy Cross Mountains, the Sudetes, and the Harz Mountains (Belka et al., 2018; Błaszczyk et al., 2018). However, it should be noted that the presented interpretation, taking into account local environmental parameters, may not be correct.
The measurements obtained for Individual II with the deformed skull also fall within the typical range for the Pannonian Plain (Giblin et al.,
2013; Knipper et al., 2020).

PS: the description "extremely poor grave goods" might be misleading. I would describe it rather with "no grave goods besides a pebble stone"

The probable Przeworsk samples PCA0011 and PCA0012 are not very far on the PCA. But I think that PCA0012, which is more Celtic is the original Przeworsk. The Czulice boy CZU001 is actually of the pure Germanic blood.

Would you mind to add / highlight some Hacs samples? I would be interested in the NWE samples (maybe Hacs 18, Hacs 19?) on the PCA? I remember that you once showed a heat map for some of the samples with a clear Celtic shift

[Radko]

https://www.academia.edu/118699717/Unvei...ed_cranium

https://www.academia.edu/118700774/Unvei...y_Material

[VladMC]

a huge number of samples from Poland of late Roman times, but so far without ancient DNA

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...via%3Dihub

[ambron]

Radko

As seen in the PCA, there are no geneticaly early-Slavic/Baltic samples from Ukraine in the Estonian study.

[ph2ter]

Suddenly a local boy? I would be surprised if he would plot together with the Przeworsk samples of the Warsaw team, but let's see.

Compare the scientific publication:

"Therefore, it can be concluded that the individual with the deformed skull could be local, while Individual I, with the isotopic signature 0.7114, is of foreign origin. The isotopic signature of this individual indicates areas with a more radiogenic substrate (Belka et al., 2018). The closest regions meeting this condition include northern and central Poland (Zielinski ´ et al., 2021), northeastern Germany, southwestern Sweden, northern Ukraine (west of Kiev), and several smaller areas such as the Holy Cross Mountains, the Sudetes, and the Harz Mountains (Belka et al., 2018; Błaszczyk et al., 2018). However, it should be noted that the presented interpretation, taking into account local environmental parameters, may not be correct.
The measurements obtained for Individual II with the deformed skull also fall within the typical range for the Pannonian Plain (Giblin et al.,
2013; Knipper et al., 2020).

PS: the description "extremely poor grave goods" might be misleading. I would describe it rather with "no grave goods besides a pebble stone"

The probable Przeworsk samples PCA0011 and PCA0012 are not very far on the PCA. But I think that PCA0012, which is more Celtic is the original Przeworsk. The Czulice boy CZU001 is actually of the pure Germanic blood.

Would you mind to add / highlight some Hacs samples? I would be interested in the NWE samples (maybe Hacs 18, Hacs 19?) on the PCA? I remember that you once showed a heat map for some of the samples with a clear Celtic shift

They are in the West Germanic area: