Xiong et al: Ancient genomes from Hexi Corridor

[Pribislav]

Inferring the demographic history of Hexi Corridor over the past two millennia from ancient genomes

The Hexi Corridor in northwest China has for millennia served as a crossroads for interactions between East Asia, Central Asia and lands further west, while also connecting the Chinese heartland and the northern Mongolian Steppe and Tibetan Plateau (TP) to the south. Previous studies have revealed the details of this cross-continental material and cultural transmission as early as the Bronze Age onwards. Materials and technologies exchanged along the ancient Silk Road included East Asian millets and painted pottery, West Asian wheat and barley, bronze metallurgy, domesticated sheep, horses, and cattle. To date, paleogenomic studies have examined the genetic structure of the eastern Hexi Corridor and neighboring populations, such as northern China, the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang), Tibetan Plateau and Mongolia for these formative Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Uniparental or limited autosomal studies have shed some light on demographic interactions in the east, center and far west of the historical Hexi Corridor, and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studies revealed the genetic landscape of western-eastern admixture pattern of the present-day Hexi Corridor. However, population dynamics in Hexi Corridor across a longer tranche of time has been gravely under-represented. To address the limitations above, we sampled and sequenced 30 ancient individuals across the Hexi Corridor. We sampled 17 human individuals from the Heishuiguo site from the central Hexi Corridor, dating from the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC–8 AD) through the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD). From the western Hexi Corridor, we sampled 13 human individuals from the Foyemiaowan cemetery, dating from the Cao-Wei (220–265 AD) to the Tang dynasties (618–907 AD). To establish the chronology of our study, we relied on both archaeological and radiocarbon dating evidence.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication...nt_genomes

[Pribislav]

Here are the haplogroups for some of the higher coverage samples:


FA0210; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; O1a3-M119>Y14027>Y144065>F1009>Y300180>F3682>MF57156

FA0205; 202 BC-9 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Early Han; O1b1a1a1a1-M268>K18>Y9032>PK4>M95>M1310>M1348>F1252>F2924>CTS5854>Z23810>CTS7399>Y13994>Z23849>Z23863>Y148916 (MF14801)

G30406; 420-589 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Tang; O1b1a1b-M268>K18>Y9032>PK4>F838>CTS838>Y160506* (×F16212)

G30705; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; O1b1a2a1-M268>K18>Y9032>CTS4040>CTS1456>F779>F2064 (×Y239146,MF16487,Y47392,Y148532,Y200506,PH2797,FTC48916,Y149393,FT30807,Y149608)

G10903; 420-589 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Sui; O2a2a-M188>CTS3106>CTS445>CTS201>MF18110>FGC50672>FGC50643>FGC50649>Y169670>Y169696>Y223066

G40803; 420-589 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Tang; O2a2b1a1a1c-PAGE23>M1706>M1726>M1694>M1577>A9457>MF14289* (×Y188733)

G30701; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; O2a2b2a1a1-F3237>F871>F2472>F4110>FT316716>pre-Y127767 (×F4241,FTC5888)

FA0206; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; Q1a1a-M120>Y647>F1626>Y560>Y542>Y558>MF1641>F1827 (×MF2384,Y180685)

G30414; 304-439 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Sixteen Kingdoms; Q1a1a-M120>Y647>FT9308>Y225388>FT6742 (×FT8312)

G10115; 304-439 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Sixteen Kingdoms; N1a1a1a1a-Z1956>Y149447>Y204354

[Tomenable]

Where can the genotype data be downloaded from?

[Ebizur]

Here are the haplogroups for some of the higher coverage samples:

...

G30414; 304-439 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Sixteen Kingdoms; Q1a1a-M120>Y647>FT9308>Y225388>FT6742 (×FT8312)

G10115; 304-439 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Sixteen Kingdoms; N1a1a1a1a-Z1956>Y149447>Y204354

These haplogroup assignments are extremely rare among present-day Chinese.

23mofang currently has 88 members tabulated under Q-FT6742 (TMRCA 3920 ybp), but 75 of those have been assigned to the Q-FT8312 subclade (TMRCA 3600 ybp), so only thirteen individuals match the Q-FT6742(xFT8312) designation of the G30414 specimen from the Foyemiaowan site. These thirteen individuals include the following: Mr. Yang (Han) from Jingyang County, Xianyang, Shaanxi; Mr. Li/Rhee/Yi (Chaoxianzu i.e. Joseonese i.e. "Korean") from South Korea; Mr. Xü (Han) from Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei; Mr. Qiu (Han) from Tongzhou District, Nantong, Jiangsu; Mr. Guo (Han) from Haimen City, Nantong, Jiangsu; Mr. Liu (Han) from Xing County, Lüliang, Shanxi; Mr. Ding (Han) from Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone, Yantai, Shandong; Mr. Ma (Han) from Chaoyang District, Beijing, and a family surnamed Miao (苗氏) from Northwest China (Shaanxi/Gansu/Shanxi).

N-Y204354 (TMRCA 4780 ybp according to 23mofang) is a rare, early branch of N-MF14176. (N-MF14176 is the nearest known outgroup to the major N-M46/Tat clade.) 23mofang currently has 37 members tabulated under N-Y204354, which it has described in the following manner: "A branch downstream of this type has differentiated to form a Zhu clan (朱氏) of Pei Commandery (沛郡) roughly around the Eastern Han period. At present, this type accounts for about 0.01% of the total male population in our country and is distributed in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, and other places." Members of N-Y204354 besides the members of N-MF36780 (TMRCA 2030 ybp) of the Zhu clan of Pei Commandery include a Mr. Yu (喻, Han) from Honghuagang District, Zunyi, Guizhou and a Mr. Tang (唐, Han) from Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan. The so-called Zhu clan of Pei Commandery is unusually genetically coherent for a purported genealogical Chinese clan, with at least seven of eight members at 23mofang actually presently identifying as Han Chinese and bearing the surname Zhu (朱). Approximately two millennia before present, the Zhu family has split into two branches, with one branch (N-MF187559, TMRCA 210 ybp) having a descendant in Muye District, Xinxiang, Henan and four descendants in Shaanxi (three in Weiyang District of Xi'an and one in Zizhou County of Yulin) and a more deeply bifurcated branch (N-FT89018, TMRCA 1640 ybp) having one descendant in Feng County, Xuzhou, Jiangsu and another descendant in Weishan County, Jining, Shandong. The individual whose surname and place of origin are not indicated on the public tree at 23mofang is most closely related to the individual from Weishan County, Jining, Shandong, with whom he is estimated to share a MRCA 1180 ybp.

[Shuzam87]

“When we assumed that five distinct ancestries constituted the involved Eurasian populations, our time transect individuals presented a genetic profile similar to the Dacaozi and ancients from the middle-to-lower reaches of Yellow River Basin (represented by YR_LN and YR_LBIA), except G32712 and G40803 who displayed a high proportion of YR-related ancestry but also with a trace of pink component that was enriched in western Eurasians. Samples G32712 and G40803 were genetic outliers harboring a less common ancestry in the sampling area. Accounting for archaeological background, G32712 and G40803 were denoted as Foyemiaowan_Cao-Wei_o and Foyemiaowan_Tang_o, respectively. In the subsequent quantitative analysis, we analyzed outliers separately from Heishuiguo and other Foyemiaowan individuals.”

“. Across all plausible 2-way and 3-way qpAdm models based on autosomal data, we found that Foyemiaowan_Cao-Wei_o and Foyemiaowan_Tang_o were best described as the 2-way mixture of ancestry related to locally established historical period Hexi Corridor (∼50% and ∼70%, respectively) and presumably incoming western Eurasian representatives, no need for additional ANA-related ancestry”

HRR1168012 Foyemiaowan_Tang_o G40803 Foyemiaowan, Gansu O-MF14546 H7b
HRR1168000 Foyemiaowan_Cao-Wei_o G32712 Foyemiaowan, Gansu O-MF14614 F2a

Does anyone know the possible origin of such a high amount of Western Eurasian ancestry in these two outlier samples from the Cao-Wei and Tang periods?

[Pribislav]

A few more:


FA0214; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; O1b1a2a1-M268>K18>Y9032>CTS4040>CTS1456>F779>F2064 (×BY182144,Y239146,MF16487,Y47392,Y200506,Y149608,Y221189)

G30412; 304-439 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Sixteen Kingdoms; O1b1a2a1-M268>K18>Y9032>CTS4040>CTS1456>F779>F2064>pre-PH2797

G30703; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; O2a1b1a1a1a1e-L465>IMS-JST002611>F18>F117>Y3272>F11>F4062>FGC54474 (×MF8460,MF9523,FGC54505)

G32712; 420-589 AD; Foyemiaowan site, China; Cao-Wei; O2a2b1a1a1c-PAGE23>M1706>M1726>M1694>M1577>A9457>Y159134>F17158 (×MF2604)

FA0201; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; O2a2b1a2a1a-Y20>Y12>CTS2643>FGC85750>F634 (×Y176117,MF645472,PH2678,MF357,F16241,Y241385,Y30135,F14295,BY102696)

[Shuzam87]

Where can the genotype data be downloaded from?

https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa-human/browse/HRA004375

[Pribislav]

G30703; 25-220 AD; Heishuiguo site, China; Late Han; O2a1b1a1a1a1e-L465>IMS-JST002611>F18>F117>Y3272>F11>F4062>FGC54474 (×MF8460,MF9523,FGC54505)

UPDATE:

There are two new levels formed below FGC54474>MF2463 in YFull live tree (Y323927>MF40039). Xiongnu_o sample DA43 from Omnogobi mass grave is Y323927+ and MF40039-. G30703 has no SNPs covered at levels MF2463 and Y323927, but it has one derived SNP at level MF40039 (MF47835+  G>T (1T)). So his terminal clade is:

O2a1b1a1a1a1e-L465>IMS-JST002611>F18>F117>Y3272>F11>F4062>FGC54474>MF2463>Y323927>MF40039

[alchemist223]

Can't believe I didn't see this earlier. It is always nice to see more ancient DNA from East Asia, and thanks for your Y-DNA analysis Pribislav.