Ancient I1 samples list and discussion

[JonikW]

Thanks for sharing this. On a personal level I'm very excited to see the earliest I-S12289 sample yet discovered in this preprint. Specifically, he's I1a2a1a1a1a2b~ (S1990), was found on the island of Bornholm and dates to the Roman Iron Age.

Rundown:

Internal ID: CGG106748, Museum inv.: NM1 404/70, FHM 450/64, Slusegård, Bornholms Sønder, Denmark, Grave 1241, 1-400 CE, mtDNA HV

Extract from the site info:

“335 Slusegård is the largest Early Iron Age burial site on the Island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. 
336 It is situated near the mouth of the stream Øle Å, stretching along each side of an old hollow 
337 road. The cemetery lies close to the south coast of Bornholm.”

Grave 1241 details:

“Male adult, supine position, head in NNE. 
Iron arm-ring, iron knife, iron rivets, two iron iron rings, iron strap buckle and iron awl.”

[Strider99]

Some interesting excerpts from the downloadable supplementary notes 2-7, which also contains useful information about other haplogroups:

Almost the totality of the Scandinavians older than 4,500 BP belong to haplogroup I2-P215 (52 out of 57). Only starting at 4,500 BP we see the arrival of lineages more common today in the region, such as I1-M253, R1a1a1 (R1a-M417) and R1b1a1b1a (R1b-L11).

Haplogroup I1a-DF29 first appears in Scandinavia in the Bronze Age, and its vast number of local descendant lineages seem to indicate an in situ diversification and point of origin (Figure S3). Haplogroup I1a2a (I1a-Z59) is most the common variant of I1a-DF29 among both 0_1_2 SouthScan and 0_1_3 EastScan clusters, but when restricting to individuals older to 2,800 BP, all four are in the Eastern Scandinavian cluster (Figure S4). This likely indicates that its presence in the South Scandinavian cluster to be associated with the later mixture from an Eastern Scandinavian source.

Quite an intriguing statement. It would be helpful to find out more about the context of the new LNBA sample from Zealand, as well as his autosomal profile.

[Dewsloth]

Neolithic Denmark:
CGG105332 NM36/11, A2688-86 n. 7 PMD 127 NorthernEurope Denmark Zealand/ Region Hovedstaden Over Vindinge gallery grave 55.061983 11.902766 bone petrous bone (right) 2250 BC - 1700 BC Late Neolthic XY H24 1 0.9588 I1~

That's quite remarkable, Dewsloth! Especially if he turns out to be within the older range of that dating, I.e. closer to 2250 BC than to 1700 BC. 

It's also interesting to see that one of the EBA samples from Norway was assigned to I1a2a1a1d2, or L1248.

1575 Denmark, Zealand, Præstø, Hammer, Sværdborg Parish, Over Vindinge
1576 Coordinates: 55.070, 11.890
1577 Helle Vandkilde & Anna Tornberg
1578 The site of Over-Vindinge boasts two large gallery graves built within 300 m of one another
1579 and excavated in the early 20th century. The cists are 3 m long and about 1 m wide while
1580 narrowest at their rear end and at the entrance. The shape of the burial chamber is rectangular1581 roundish and oriented W-E with the long sides in N and S respectively with a cover of large
1582 stone slabs. The last internment was placed supine on the floor while previous interments were
1583 moved to the entrance part where kept in a certain order. Both cists counted several internments,
1584 which took place over a long period of time, c. 2200-1700 BCE, corresponding to the LN II
1585 and NBA IA periods according to the radiocarbon dates. The burial goods are few and
1586 inconspicuous albeit confirming the date to the final Neolithic. Along with several other gallery
1587 graves the Over-Vindinge cists were built 2200-2100 BC at the time when metallurgy became
1588 fully established. Little if any activity took place in the burial space after c. 1800-1700 BC.
1589 Gallery Grave I is the better known of the two cists due to the pelvis bone with the spearhead
1590 tip still sitting in situ (Kjær 2012). Gabs between the stones were sometimes filled in by
1591 pressing bones into them including the pelvis bone with the spearhead tip, according to Kjær
1592 (2012). Identifying and classifying the individuals at Over-Vindinge is quite a puzzle and forms
1593 part of an ongoing-trauma-pathological study (Tornberg and Vandkilde et al.). Preliminarily:
1594 Gallery Grave I comprised 6 individuals while Gallery Grave II held 4 individuals (MNI). They
1595 were all males, some of them quite old with pathological issues. Six were sampled for DNA,
1596 three had sufficient DNA for further sequencing, all from Gallery Grave I.
1597
CGG inventory NM - Panum BP cist DNA Sex
CGG_2_105335 NM36/11, A 26881-86 PMD 124 3505±24 1 low XY
CGG_2_105334 NM36/11, A 26881-86 PMD 125 3480±23 1 sufficient XY
CGG_2_105337 NM36/11, A 27518 PMD 123 Individ G 3659±24 2 low XY
CGG_2_105332 NM36/11, A2688-86 n. 7 PMD 127B 3465±35 1 sufficient XY
CGG_2_105333 NM36/11, A26881-86 n. 9 PMD 126 "V” 3549±26 1 sufficient XY
CGG_2_105336 NM36/11, A 26881-86 PMD 122 3566±25 2 low XY
1598
1599
1600 Source
1601
1602 Kjær, Hans 1912 Et mærkeligt arkæologisk-antropologisk fund fra stenalderen. Aarbøger for
1603 Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie: 58–72.
1604
1605 NM: Archaeological and anthropological reports H. Kjær 1911 and H.A. Nielsen 1913 Over1606 Vindinge S Zealand (Sværdborg Parish, Hammer County, Præstø District)
51
1607 Vandkilde H. “Warriors and Warrior Institutions in the European Copper Age”. In Otto T.,
1608 Thrane H. & Vandkilde H. (eds.): Warfare and Society. Archaeological and Social
1609 Anthropological Perspectives. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp. 393-422.
1610
1611 Vandkilde, H. “Genocide Before the State?” In B. Kiernan et al. (eds.) The Cambridge World
1612 History of Genocide. Volume 1 (of three). Cambridge University Press: 59-85. CUP June
1613 2023.
1614
1615 Tornberg A. & Vandkilde H. accepted “Violence and warfare before the Nordic Bronze Age”.
1616 In Solheim S. (ed.) “Stone Age farmers, herders, hunters and gatherers: The Funnel Beaker
1617 Culture, the Single Grave/Battle Axe Culture and the Pitted Ware Culture (4000-2400 BC).
1618 Section in Oxford Handbook of Scandinavian Archaeology (eds. Hedeager, L., Prescott, C. &
1619 Kristiansen, K.).

[JonikW]

I've only started reading the paper tonight and find Figure 5 incredibly interesting for our purposes. The Pie charts showing the proportions of Y haplogroups for the Iron Age regions are really informative, with the highest density of I1 in Sweden and the Danish islands.



That's probably what most of us would have expected for that period, but on top of earlier work including the Gretzinger and Allentoft papers, it's really satisfying to finally have a thoroughly grounded idea of how I1 spread over the millennia. And after all these years of watching the ancient I1 jigsaw being very slowly put together, it's wonderful to see some of the final and most important pieces being lifted into place with this study. 

It's not that long ago that the Magaryan et al Viking paper provided the first actual proof that modern distribution of I1 with its heavy representation in Scandinavia really was reflected in the ancient past. We've come a long way since then and seem to be finally closing in on the source itself with the tantalising eastern indications in this paper: the origin point of modern I1.

[Strider99]

I've only started reading the paper tonight and find Figure 5 incredibly interesting for our purposes. The Pie charts showing the proportions of Y haplogroups for the Iron Age regions are really informative, with the highest density of I1 in Sweden and the Danish islands.



That's probably what most of us would have expected for that period, but on top of earlier work including the Gretzinger and Allentoft papers, it's really satisfying to finally have a thoroughly grounded idea of how I1 spread over the millennia. And after all these years of watching the ancient I1 jigsaw being very slowly put together, it's wonderful to see some of the final and most important pieces being lifted into place with this study. 

It's not that long ago that the Magaryan et al Viking paper provided the first actual proof that modern distribution of I1 with its heavy representation in Scandinavia really was reflected in the ancient past. We've come a long way since then and seem to be finally closing in on the source itself with the tantalising eastern indications in this paper: the origin point of modern I1.

It is indeed fantastic how much more we know now than just a few years ago!

It's also interesting that there's a fairly considerable difference between the Y-DNA frequencies in the Norwegian Iron Age samples and modern Norwegians. It's not unlikely that this could be due to the relatively small sample size of the IA Norwegians in addition to the regions the samples come from, in my opinion.

If we compare the Y-chromosomal landscape to that in Dupuy et al. 2006 (Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway) which had a large sample size of 1766 Norwegian men, the difference is quite visible, since modern Norwegians have far higher frequencies of I1 and R1b (37% I1, 31.3% R1b according to Dupuy) than the Iron Age dataset. Looking at I1 alone, Dupuy's data seems to add up quite nicely with the frequency of I1 in Norway at FTDNA Discover (also 37% with a large sample size). Below are charts that are based on the data from Dupuy for Norway and Karlsson 2006 for Sweden: 



At the first page of this thread, I asked speculatively whether we might see a greater persistence of Battle Axe-derived paternal lineages in Norway during the LNBA. It's fascinating that based on the data available, it looks like this might indeed have been the case even well into the Iron Age, although some caution should probably be exercised due to the low sample size and the regions sampled.

Something that may slightly impair our understanding of the events that led up to the diversification and expansion of M253 is the lack of ancient samples from the parts mentioned both in this study and in Allentoft's recent study (specifically East and North Scandinavia) during the relevant time periods. We are still rather clueless about the genetic profile of the people who lived in Eastern Sweden during the Bronze Age (and Late Neolithic), for example. Samples from even earlier periods from that region would also be very appreciated. I'd be very interested in seeing if it is possible to pinpoint the exact source population of the proposed excess hunter-gatherer ancestry from across the Baltic Sea that this study found in the "I1 cluster".

I certainly hope that we'll get to see some more aDNA from the eastern part of Scandinavia that these last two studies emphasize so much soon. The project dealing with ancient genomes from the Alvastra pile-dwelling was finished almost 2 years ago, but the results are yet to be published. Hopefully those samples will be published soon, along with more samples from further north.

On a related note, I look forward to seeing our friend Mwauthy/Mr I1 discuss these latest findings on his excellent Youtube channel.

[Naudigastir]

Very interesting paper and indeed it's satisfying to see LN/BA-samples from Norway among this bunch, which finally sheds some light on the entry of I1 into the west of Scandinavia. It reveals that this early I1-network they initially described in Allentoft 2023 expanded into southeast Norway (thus far I found BCGG105646 from Kråkerøy and CGG105650 from Verket, among others?) concurrently with Denmark, which is not surprising, but was until now not yet proven with aDNA. Like Strider mentioned though, I'm still left with many questions on the situation at large in Norway and how the Y-chromosomal diversity of medieval/post-medieval Norway came to be. I was excited to see new samples from IA Western Norway (Skongeneshelleren and Klepp), but they all strikingly lack the R1b-P312 which has sparked so much discussion in the past.

[MrI1]

Exciting stuff everyone. I haven’t had a chance yet to delve into this new study. Waiting for BAM files to be released first. I’m temporarily focused/enthralled with analyzing the BAM files from the 2022 Anglo-Saxon study. Hopefully soon I’ll be able to focus my attention on this one.

[MrI1]

The dispersal from Sweden southward and westward always made sense to me based on modern and ancient distributions so it’s nice to see that point professionally validated by the academics now.

The Danes emigrating northward during the Migration Period into Denmark and Southern Sweden is very surprising to me. Most of my analysis points to the Danes originating in Sweden and migrating southward and westward during the Migration Period. Perhaps I’m mistaking that for earlier Iron Age movements?

[Strider99]

I see that there is a very low coverage Late Neolithic male sample (CGG106210) from Assleröd in Western Sweden that has not been given any uniparental assignment. That's very unfortunate, as he was found in a gallery grave in a region where we during that time might expect to find a lot of I1. Perhaps it would be possible to get some kind of (even if phylogenetically shallow) Y-DNA assignment for this sample once the BAM files become available. I see that there is also a BA sample from Öland (from a stone cist no less) with the same issue as CGG106210. Quite a shame.

The prevalence of I1-carriers inside stone cist burials was discussed earlier in this thread. It's interesting that among the new samples, we find more such examples. One example is CGG106515 from Bronze Age Denmark, a sample from a stone cist burial inside a burial mound. Another noteworthy thing is the dominance of Z59+ lineages among the new samples. I wonder if the (relative) scarcity of L22 could be due to most of the samples simply being from too far south, or if there could be another explanation.

Additionally, I was pleased to see an Iron Age sample from Falbygden. CGG105989 is M253+, but I am uncertain of whether he belonged to the same subclade as the LNBA samples from Falköping. I'm not surprised to see I1 there in the IA, and I think it's quite reasonable to assume that the historical Geats as we know them had a rather high frequency of I1 (much like the modern inhabitants of Västra Götaland, in which we see a frequency of about 52%).

[Strider99]

It appears that there is a new Visigothic I1 sample in the new pre-print. This sample is from the site of Estevillas Virgen de la Torre in Madrid.

Excerpt from Supplementary Note 1B:

The hispanic-visigothic necropolis of “Estevillas-Virgen de la Torre” was excavated between the years 2010-2011. His area was about 9.067 m² and archaeological structures were excavated and well documented, of which are tombs. Within them remains of up to 894 individuals have been excavated and studied. It is the biggest visigothic necropolis excavated in Spain.

From the supplementary tables:
Population label: MigrationPeriod Visigoths
Sample ID: CGG022053
I1~

[JMcB]

Not only is this paper very interesting on a variety of levels, it’s also a rather pleasant surprise! As I wasn’t expecting anything in the near future. Judging from the New Ancient Samples column, it looks like it’s also going to be another nice paper for those of us who are I-Z141.

Assuming I haven’t made any mistakes and Scaled Innovation’s converter is working correctly, we may have the following to look forward to.

Note: I have excluded the previous Z141 that JonikW mentioned above.




CGG106515 — I1a2a1a1a = I1a-Z141 — Early Bronze Age — Stone Cist - Tooth — Denmark, Zealand, Strandlunden II

Denmark, Zealand, Strandlunden 11, Gerlev MFG 191/02
Coordinates: 689983.4, 6190281.7 (UTM_EUREF89)

Jens Winther Johannsen

The sample comes from the northernmost of two burial mounds called Iversbjærgene, which were previously found close to the western shore of Roskilde Fiord. The remains of the burial mound were excavated prior to development. The mound was surrounded by stones and its diameter was estimated at 7-8 metres. At the time of the excavation, a layer about 20 centimetres thick was preserved. This included shells, possibly because the sod for the mound was collected from the nearby salt marsh. Under the central and southern parts of the mound two postholes and a circular pit, just under 1 metre in diameter, were found, all of unknown function. Near the centre of the mound an apparently intact part of a grave, less than 1 square metre in size, was found. The grave contained human bones - parts of the skull, left scapula, upper arm and forearm. The bones were identified as those of a male aged 25-35 years. The individual had strong and large bones and must have appeared robust. Moderate calculus was observed on almost all of the teeth (19 preserved). No other pathological changes were observed. The deceased had apparently been laid on a stone slab and covered with a layer of white (lime?) stone. Flint flakes and a transverse arrowhead were found in and around the grave. Burnt and unburnt bones, including finger bones, were found in a heavily disturbed area to the east of the grave.


CGG_2_106515 (Strandlunden II Gerlev MFG 191/02, stone cist) UCIAMS-272877, 3070±15BP >30kDa collagen yield (%) 1.2, d15N (‰) 8.9. d13C (‰) -19.4, C/N (atomic) 3.2 (1410-1270 BCE, Montelius Period II).


Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Pages 63 & 64



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CGG106734 — I1a2a1a1a = I-Z141 — Iron Age, Pre Roman — Denmark, Zealand / Ods, Trundholm Mose


Denmark, Zealand, Holbæk, Ods, Højby parish, Trundholm Mose 030405-331
Coordinates: 55.8837, 11.5800

Sophie Bergerbrant

During work at the former bog/mire area Trundholm Mose in 1951 human remains were found. The find is c. 500 metres south east of the famous find of the Trundholm wagon. In a different part of the wetland c. 3.5 km northwest from the sampled find was 1940 human remains found while ploughing. On(e) of those skeletons was analysed within the Rise project (RISE276) which was most likely a male of local origin (SrI 0.710053) that had MtDNA haplogroup T2 b and is was dated to Late Bronze Age, OxA-30485, 2525±25BP (Frei et al 2019) d13C (‰) -18.86.


CGG_2_106734 (784/51 skelet I) is a male that is dated to the Pre-Roman Iron Age 370-190 BCE (UCIAMS-243263, 2210±15BP, d15N(‰) 11.1, d13C(‰) -20.3).

Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Page 46



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CGG024694 —  I1a2a1a1a2 = Z141>CTS6739, Frisian, Netherlands, Hogebeintum, Iron Age


The Netherlands

Hogebeintum
Coordinates: 53.33 5.85
Stijn Heeren, Lisette Kootker

The cemetery of Hogebeintum was discovered and researched when the wierde (mound) was quarried for its fertile soil in 1904-1905. At least 142 burials were documented, but the cemetery must have been (much) larger. Judging from the grave goods and radiocarbon dates of cremated bone and charcoal, the cemetery was in use from the early 5th to the first half of the 8th century (approx. AD 400-730). A few older dates were explained as resulting from the use of old wood for cremation (Knol 2019). The catalogue holds at least 94 cremation burials, several buried dogs, and at least 48 human inhumation burials. It also shows whether the material is still held by the depot: some 28 partial skeletons or at least skulls are still kept in the inventory (Knol 2019). The skeletal material is still in excellent condition. Ten graves were selected for multi-dental elemental Sr-O-C sampling (see Kootker & Heeren, 2022). Five of these individuals (FM95, FM96, FM98, FM99, and FM101) were selected for 14C and aDNA analysis, of which four are included in the present study.

… isotope data from five individuals from Hogebeintum included in this study. All 87Sr/86Sr are incompatible with the expected local Sr signature and provide evidence for childhood mobility


CGG_2_024694 - FM99 – kist 249 — Male — AD 258 – AD 422


Archaeological Supplementary Material for Western Eurasia (excluding Northern Europe)
Pages 32 & 33



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CGG105541 — I1a2a1a1a2 = Z141>CTS6739. Viking, Denmark, Funen, Nørrebjerg

Denmark, Funen, Odense, Åsum, Fraugde, Nørrebjerg, 080803-202
Coordinates: 55.3626, 10.4798

The excavated area contains remains from many prehistoric periods. The excavated area contained hundreds of house remains and some burials. The sampled material comes from one inhumation grave excavated at the site. Probably dating to the Viking Age.

CGG_2_105541 (OBM4937X1242)

Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Page 26



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CGG106777 — I1a2a1a1a1a not found but the next step up is Z141> I-Z2535 , Viking, Denmark, Langelands Sønder, Lindelse, Bogøvej

Denmark, Svendborg, Langelands Sønder, Lindelse, Bogøvej
Coordinates: 54.8711, 10.703 LMR12077

Excavated in the late 1980’s by Langelands Museum. The cemetery dates to the Viking Age and is located on a small drumlins of mixed moraine material with a high chalk content. The preservation conditions for bone material were thus varying, but often good. It is located c. 500 m south of Lidelse Nor on a small hill located on a small hill 500 m south of Lidelse Nor in an (an elongated area measuring70 m x 30 m in a northeas-tsouthwest orientation). The cemetery was discovered in 1920, when four inhumations were excavated. Over time a total of 49 graves have been excavated, three of which were double graves. The majority of the deceased had been placed in a supine position, though a a few in hocker. Some Individuals had been buried with grave goods, e.g. knives, whetstones, buckles, and/or glass beads.

Two individuals had been buried in carriages, minus wheels (e.g. Grave BA).
One male burial contained an Arabic silver coin, an axe dated to the late Viking Age and a strike-a-light, and . One skeleton appears to have been decapitated (Grave T). Most of the graves were oriented east-west. Of the sexed individuals, 15 were male and 22 female. Only a few were subadults. The graves are generally dated to the 10th century CE, with a possibility of a few graves dated to the early 11th century CE.

During the excavations in 1987 and 1988 were activities dated to the late Bronze Age, including 17 pits (some contained flint tools, large amounts of pottery, small fragments of bronze, and some antler tools) discovered.

A number of burials were sampled and published in Margaryan et al. 2020 these were VK286 1198 Denmark_Bogovej Grav BJ, VK288 Denmark_Bogovej Grav BA, VK292 Denmark_Bogovej 1199 Grav A.D., VK320 Denmark_Bogovej Grav S, VK338 Denmark_Bogovej Grav BV, VK361 1200 Denmark_Bogovej BX, VK362 Denmark_Bogovej LMR 12077, VK363 Denmark_Bogovej


Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Page 38



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CGG106823 — I1a2a1a1a1a1b = Z141 > L338 > I-A2051,  Viking, Denmark, Zealand, Soro, Trelleborg

Denmark, Zealand, Sorø county, Slagelse hundred, Hejninge parish, Trelleborg
Coordinates: 643469.7, 6140982.9 (UTM_EUREF89)
Johan Zakarias Gårdsvoll & Mads Dengsø Jessen

The circular Viking Age fortress of Trelleborg on the island of Zealand in Denmark is well known as a military fortress built by Harold Bluetooth or by his son Svend in AD 980/981. The site is crucial for the understanding of the beginning of the Danish state formation and has therefore been intensively investigated. Trelleborg is situated at a promontory bordered by the rivers Tude Å and Vårby Å in southeastern Zealand with a view towards the Great Belt. It was excavated in the years 1934-42 by the National Museum.

[…]


The burial ground at Trelleborg was excavated between 1938 and 1940 and altogether 133 graves containing 157 individuals were unearthed. The majority of graves held a single individual, while three of the graves must be interpreted as mass burials and there are also two double burials. All burials were inhumations in rather shallow graves, originally marked above ground, probably by a small mound. The graves are oriented east-west, with the dead generally facing east. The burial ground is situated outside the eastern entrance of the fortress, with burials scattered on both sides of the main east-west axis that leads to the complex and the cemetery is assumed to be the burial place for the deceased occupants of the fortress complex. Both graves 38 (CGG_2_106824) and 54 (CGG_2_106823) are believed to be males between 35–55 years old, and none of them had any grave goods. They belong to the south-eastern part of the cemetery and grave 38 to the perimeter. The strontium isotope value of grave 54 indicates that he is a non-local.

CGG_2_106823 Grave 54


Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Pages 98 - 100



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Unfortunately, I couldn’t find any archeological data for these three:


CGG107400 — I1a2a1a1a1b = Z141>Z2535>CTS10937 — Iron Age, Roman, (1-400AD)  Denmark, Zealand, Hemmeshøj


————————————————

CGG107408 — I1a2a1a1a2a1 = Z141> CTS6739>F2642>CTS6772>CTS7397 Late Roman (200-400AD) - Tooth - Denmark, Zealand, Næstved Mark


———————————————

CGG107515 — I1a2a1a1a6 = Z140>Z141>FGC94381>A1603 - Iron Age, Late Germanic, Tooth, (550-750 AD) Denmark, Zealand, Espe

[JMcB]

On second thought, I decided to add the sample JonikW mentioned above just because I found the information interesting.



CGG106748 —  I1a2a1a1a1a2b = Z141> Z2535>L338>S12289>S1990
Iron Age, Roman — (1 - 400 AD) - Grave 1241 — Tooth — Denmark, Bornholms Sønfer, Slusegård


Denmark, Bornholm, Bornholms Sønder, Pedersker parish, Slusegård
Coordinates: 54.9997, 14.9985

Sofie Laurine Albris

Slusegård is the largest Early Iron Age burial site on the Island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. It is situated near the mouth of the stream Øle Å, stretching along each side of an old hollow road. The cemetery lies close to the south coast of Bornholm. On the surface, some burials have been marked by boulders, stone settings and trenches. The burial site was subject to smaller investigations in the 19th century, while large-scale excavations of over 6000m2 were carried out by Ole Klindt-Jensen during the years 1958 to 1964 (Klindt-Jensen 1978). Over some parts of the site a find-rich burnt layer was observed, and all was covered by sand drift. Slusegård has around 1400 excavated graves. There are both wealthy graves, some with Roman imports and burials with no grave goods. Most graves were cremations (928), while there were also some inhumation graves (467), placed both in supine and crouched positions (Klint-Jensen 1978; Lind 1991; Sellevold et al. 1984: 105). At least 43 of the inhumations were boat-graves, where boats and boat parts were used as coffins (Crumlin-Pedersen 1991,165). The boat graves contained both females and males, where the latter were the wealthiest, some containing weapons. Finds of boat graves indicate a network of connections from northern Poland to Jutland in Denmark with Bornholm in the middle (Natuniewicz-Sekuła & Rein Seehusen 2010).

At Slusegård around 110 graves from the 2nd century showed signs of ritual plundering (Lind 1991:43-45). Many skeletons from Slusegård show indications of violence, with decapitations  or broken limbs. One of the graves sampled in this project had an iron point stuck in the skull. In all, five graves, two from the Early Roman Iron, one from the Late Roman Iron Age and two just dated to the Roman Iron Age were sampled and yielded results within this project. The samples come from both rich graves and sparsely equipped graves. The burial site is dated to a 500-year period from around 50 BC into the 5th century CE (Rasmussen ed. 2010). The inhumation graves mainly date to the period between the middle of the 1st to the late 3rd century. The oldest boat graves were from the 2nd century, and boat burials were reaching into the 3rd century CE (B2-C2).


CGG106748 — Grave 1241 — Male adult, supine position, head in NNE — Iron arm-ring, iron knife, iron rivets, two iron iron rings, iron strap buckle and iron awl — Roman Iron Age.


Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Pages 12 & 13

[JonikW]

On second thought, I decided to add the sample JonikW mentioned above just because I found the information interesting.



CGG106748 —  I1a2a1a1a1a2b = Z141> Z2535>L338>S12289>S1990
Iron Age, Roman — (1 - 400 AD) - Grave 1241 — Tooth — Denmark, Bornholms Sønfer, Slusegård


Denmark, Bornholm, Bornholms Sønder, Pedersker parish, Slusegård
Coordinates: 54.9997, 14.9985

Sofie Laurine Albris

Slusegård is the largest Early Iron Age burial site on the Island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. It is situated near the mouth of the stream Øle Å, stretching along each side of an old hollow road. The cemetery lies close to the south coast of Bornholm. On the surface, some burials have been marked by boulders, stone settings and trenches. The burial site was subject to smaller investigations in the 19th century, while large-scale excavations of over 6000m2 were carried out by Ole Klindt-Jensen during the years 1958 to 1964 (Klindt-Jensen 1978). Over some parts of the site a find-rich burnt layer was observed, and all was covered by sand drift. Slusegård has around 1400 excavated graves. There are both wealthy graves, some with Roman imports and burials with no grave goods. Most graves were cremations (928), while there were also some inhumation graves (467), placed both in supine and crouched positions (Klint-Jensen 1978; Lind 1991; Sellevold et al. 1984: 105). At least 43 of the inhumations were boat-graves, where boats and boat parts were used as coffins (Crumlin-Pedersen 1991,165). The boat graves contained both females and males, where the latter were the wealthiest, some containing weapons. Finds of boat graves indicate a network of connections from northern Poland to Jutland in Denmark with Bornholm in the middle (Natuniewicz-Sekuła & Rein Seehusen 2010).

At Slusegård around 110 graves from the 2nd century showed signs of ritual plundering (Lind 1991:43-45). Many skeletons from Slusegård show indications of violence, with decapitations  or broken limbs. One of the graves sampled in this project had an iron point stuck in the skull. In all, five graves, two from the Early Roman Iron, one from the Late Roman Iron Age and two just dated to the Roman Iron Age were sampled and yielded results within this project. The samples come from both rich graves and sparsely equipped graves. The burial site is dated to a 500-year period from around 50 BC into the 5th century CE (Rasmussen ed. 2010). The inhumation graves mainly date to the period between the middle of the 1st to the late 3rd century. The oldest boat graves were from the 2nd century, and boat burials were reaching into the 3rd century CE (B2-C2).


CGG106748 — Grave 1241 — Male adult, supine position, head in NNE — Iron arm-ring, iron knife, iron rivets, two iron iron rings, iron strap buckle and iron awl — Roman Iron Age.


Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Pages 12 & 13

Thanks JMcB. Given the rivets in the grave it seems likely to me that this was one of the boat graves. ("At least 43 of the inhumations were boat-graves, where boats and boat parts were used as coffins.") I tried and failed to verify that by searching for info on this grave online a few days back.

[JMcB]

On second thought, I decided to add the sample JonikW mentioned above just because I found the information interesting.



CGG106748 —  I1a2a1a1a1a2b = Z141> Z2535>L338>S12289>S1990
Iron Age, Roman — (1 - 400 AD) - Grave 1241 — Tooth — Denmark, Bornholms Sønfer, Slusegård


Denmark, Bornholm, Bornholms Sønder, Pedersker parish, Slusegård
Coordinates: 54.9997, 14.9985

Sofie Laurine Albris

Slusegård is the largest Early Iron Age burial site on the Island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. It is situated near the mouth of the stream Øle Å, stretching along each side of an old hollow road. The cemetery lies close to the south coast of Bornholm. On the surface, some burials have been marked by boulders, stone settings and trenches. The burial site was subject to smaller investigations in the 19th century, while large-scale excavations of over 6000m2 were carried out by Ole Klindt-Jensen during the years 1958 to 1964 (Klindt-Jensen 1978). Over some parts of the site a find-rich burnt layer was observed, and all was covered by sand drift. Slusegård has around 1400 excavated graves. There are both wealthy graves, some with Roman imports and burials with no grave goods. Most graves were cremations (928), while there were also some inhumation graves (467), placed both in supine and crouched positions (Klint-Jensen 1978; Lind 1991; Sellevold et al. 1984: 105). At least 43 of the inhumations were boat-graves, where boats and boat parts were used as coffins (Crumlin-Pedersen 1991,165). The boat graves contained both females and males, where the latter were the wealthiest, some containing weapons. Finds of boat graves indicate a network of connections from northern Poland to Jutland in Denmark with Bornholm in the middle (Natuniewicz-Sekuła & Rein Seehusen 2010).

At Slusegård around 110 graves from the 2nd century showed signs of ritual plundering (Lind 1991:43-45). Many skeletons from Slusegård show indications of violence, with decapitations  or broken limbs. One of the graves sampled in this project had an iron point stuck in the skull. In all, five graves, two from the Early Roman Iron, one from the Late Roman Iron Age and two just dated to the Roman Iron Age were sampled and yielded results within this project. The samples come from both rich graves and sparsely equipped graves. The burial site is dated to a 500-year period from around 50 BC into the 5th century CE (Rasmussen ed. 2010). The inhumation graves mainly date to the period between the middle of the 1st to the late 3rd century. The oldest boat graves were from the 2nd century, and boat burials were reaching into the 3rd century CE (B2-C2).


CGG106748 — Grave 1241 — Male adult, supine position, head in NNE — Iron arm-ring, iron knife, iron rivets, two iron iron rings, iron strap buckle and iron awl — Roman Iron Age.


Archaeological Supplementary Material for Northern Europe
Pages 12 & 13

Thanks JMcB. Given the rivets in the grave it seems likely to me that this was one of the boat graves. ("At least 43 of the inhumations were boat-graves, where boats and boat parts were used as coffins.") I tried and failed to verify that by searching for info on this grave online a few days back.

Hello JonikW,

Personally, I would think the rivets indicated that it was indeed a boat grave.


The paper below may be of interest. Unfortunately, it doesn’t specifically mention grave 1241 but there is some pertinent information in there.



Baltic connections. Some remarks about studies of boat-graves from the Roman Iron Age. Finds from the Slusegård and Weklice cemeteries

Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła & Christina Rein Seehusen


[…]

Archival finds of boat-graves (Fig. 3)

In relation to his work on the Slusegård boat-graves, Crumlin-Pedersen pointed out a number of unrecognized boat-graves which he identified by randomly searching published graves from the Roman Iron Age and the Early Migration Period in Scandinavia (Crumlin- -Pedersen 1991, 245).

The Brokær boat-grave (Fig. 3, no. 21) is a brilliant example of how older finds may be reinterpreted in the light of new discoveries and methodologies. Due to the presence of rivets the grave was previously assigned a later date than the other graves on the cemetery, which were dated to the Roman Iron Age (Thorvildsen 1957, 103 f.). However, it has recently been proved that the clinker technique was introduced in the Late Roman Iron Age. The earliest clinker-built ship found in Danish waters is a broken oak ship from Nydam dated to 190 AD (Rieck 2002, 76).

In the light of this fact, it now seems evident that the Brokær boat could well fit the chronological context of the cemetery in which it was found (see Rasmussen 1995, 56). This example shows that a chronological interpretation can be altered in the light of new discoveries.

There are probably many boat-graves excavated previous to the Slusegård boats but not recognized as boat-graves. The main reason most likely is that in the past, interest in grave goods was much greater than interest in the shape of the coffin. Secondly, there was the notion that an identification of a boat-grave required the presence of rivets (cf Müller-Wille 1970).


Page 6 - 8 as numbered in the PDF


https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35...GGSLRBV4ZA



I tried looking at the sources given in McColl’s paper but they were beyond my linguistic capabilities.


Sources

Crumlin-Pedersen, O. 1991. Bådgrave og gravbåde. In: Andersen, S.H. & Lind, B. & Crumlin-Pedersen, O. (red.). Slusegårdgravpladsen III. Gravformer og gravskikke. Bådgravene. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XIV, 3. Højbjerg, sid 93-263.

Klint-Jensen, O. 1978. Slusegårdgravpladsen I: Bornholm fra 1. Årh. f. til 5. årh. e.v.t. Vol. & II. Jyskarkæologisk selskabs skrifter XIV: Højbjerg.

Lind, B. 1991. Gravformer og gravskikke. In: Andersen, S.H. & Lind, B. & Crumlin-Pedersen, O. (red.). Slusegårdgravpladsen III. Gravforme og gravskikke. Bådgravene. Jysk Arkæologisk  Skrifter XIV, 3. Højbjerg, sid 13-91.

[Running4Borders]

Going to acknowledge my laziness up front guys, haven't done much reading. Looking at the ftdna Discover tree, the 2 oldest pre-I1 samples look like they come from Spain. Do you agree with the migration path their globetrekker feature offers? It has I-Z2699 forming in Spain around 14-15kya after coming through Doggerland and then fanning back northwards as it warmed up. It makes the most sense to me to see it as a branch that became western/southwestern early on and then spread SW --> N. Is this controversial or is the western origin more or less settled?